In the translation,skill, art and science also needed to develop. Especially in translate from
English into Indonesian. Newmark (1988: 345) stated that “The dichotomy implied
in the question of whether translation is an art or a science is misleading. No
ones deny that translation of a literary work required a good deal of art. The
question should rather be whether it is only a skill acquired by practice or
whether it required also the knowledge of certain technique and procedures
which can be described scientifically”.
In addition, Fedorov
(1963:71) explained that:
“Translation was primarily and always a linguistic operation; that
linguistic was the basic of all Translation process. Soon after, in 1958, Vinay
and Dalbened published a description or method of translating from English to
French. Although the method is referred to as a stylistic compare it is based
on de Saussure’s linguistic theory, and the author states that to classify
translation simply as an art would be to refuse it one of its intrinsic
qualities, its normal inclusion is the framework of linguistics”.
It had here a
double claim: (1) that in translating priority should be given to problems of
structure over matters of style; and (2) that translation should be considered
as distinct of scientific investigation, a distinct branch of applied
linguistics.
The only novelty in this position was that structural
difficulties were not dismissed, as they were before, on the assumption that
although knowledge took care of them. It was precisely this “knowledge” which
was too often taken fro granted and which required a scientific basis.
As for the word “scientific” it suggested more than what
it was actually claimed by linguistics. Nida (1964:3) explained “when we speak
of the science of translation, we are of course concerned with the descriptive
aspect; for just as linguistics may be classified as a descriptive science, so
the transference of a message from one language to another is likewise a valid
subject for scientific description”.
It must be noted, however, that the classification of
linguistics as a descriptive science did not reduce it to a simple method of
describing language.
There was no need,
then, to make a choice: translation was both an art and science, but the
analysis of structure should to lead the preoccupation with style. The
contribution of linguistics to that preliminary analysis was bought order and
method to the investigation; to determine the limits between linguistic and
non-linguistics problems, and their relation to each other in the total context
of communication (form and content); and finally, to propose a precise
terminology with which to discuss those problems. It had not all the answers
but it had developed a systematic approach which should lead to more objective
grasp of the translating activity.
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